When It Comes To The Fourth Amendment And Searching A...

When it comes to the Fourth Amendment and searching a person’s car or their person, there are a few factors to take into consideration. In order for an officer to search an individual’s car, they must have consent, otherwise the search is unreasonable and whatever evidence seized could be inadmissible in the court of law. However, it is possible to conduct a search without consent and seize evidence without a warrant but there ought to be probable cause or reasonable suspicion. The two differ in the sense that reasonable suspicion is based off past experiences and expertise. Probable cause is needed for a search to take place; conversely if there is no probable cause but an officer has enough reasonable suspicion, they still are allowed to†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, in Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993), if an officer can readily identify an object from a pat down, they can use their discretion and experience and retrieve it if they know it to be true. If they are unsure and take it, whatever was seized is inadmissible in court. In legal terms, this is known as the plain feel doctrine. This allows a police officer to seize objects during a legitimate pat-down search if by plain feel he reasonably believes it to be contraband. Just because the plain feel doctrine has been established does not granted officers the right to touch, it simply permits an officer to interpret tactile sensations to identify an object during a pat down (Poulin, 1997 pg. 23). There is a strong correlation between the Fourth Amendment and racial profiling. I asked a police officer what they believed was the main reason for a lawsuit against an officer and they said violations in regards to the Fourth Amendment followed by failure to act. Take the United States v. Brignoni-Ponce case for instance. A police officer pulled over a drive that looked to be Mexican because he believed them to be an illegal immigrant. The problem was that officers were roving the border and stopping individuals for no reason other than to see if they were illegal immigrants. The Fourth Amendment held that a patrolman is prohibited to crowd the Mexican border just to stop andShow MoreRelatedU.s. Supreme Court And The Fourth Amendment1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment Since the founding of the American Democracy, partisanship has always been a major problem when it comes to political aspects of the law. The Constitution was designed to implement laws into our country that would make our governing body run smoother with fewer conflicts. However, when dealing with Democracy based on the â€Å"people’s word† it is hard to avoid such conflicts. Since each citizen in our country has the right to freedom of speech and thoughtRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Act Of The United States1378 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. In the landmark cases below, the cases went to court because the defendant accused law enforcement of violating their Fourth Amendment Rights. Under the Constitution the Fourth Amendment protects officers of unreasonable search and seizures. Officials as public schoolsRead MoreOver The Past Decades The Fourth Amendment Of The United1586 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past decades The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution has been very controversial. One of the most debated issues in the courts and among civilians, with regards to the Fourth Amendment, is finding a precise and clear description of what is permissible by law, and also provides individuals their rights, and assures that law enforcement uses proper discretion. The median personnel in all cases involve law enforcement agencies. Generally speaking, if there is a court casesRead MoreSearch and Seizure1216 Words   |  5 PagesSearch and Seizure When it comes to Search and Seizure, allot of people think that law enforcement should not be allowed to search or seize property. I have heard many arguments against this subject, people stating that law enforcement officers go too far or have no right to search someone’s property such as their vehicle. Probable cause is more than a reasonable suspicion it requires that a combination of facts makes it more likely than not that items sought are where police believe them toRead MoreStudent Rights Under The Law1375 Words   |  6 PagesStudent rights under the law are viewed differently when it comes to searching students in the education system. At one time all educational systems acted as a temporary parent over the students. Currently, students in K-12 education system and students in institutions of higher education are viewed differently under the law. In 1995 New Jersey v. T.L.O, two high school students were found smoking in the bathroom at school. One girl admitted to smoking but the other one denied it. TheRead MoreStop And Frisk, Automobile Searches, And Border And Regulatory Searches1341 Words   |  6 PagesThough the Fourth Amendment can lay the foundation of the laws of search and seizures and warrants, there are still many controversies as to what is classified as a violation of an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights. However, the wording of the Fourth Amendment can be confusing as different individuals interpret privacy in various ways. Terms that may be interpreted differently in the Fourth Amendment can include: 1) right of privacy, 2) search, 3) seizure, 4) arrest, and 5) reasonableness. ThisRead MoreOutline Of The 4th Amendment940 Words   |  4 Pages 1.) Throughout history, the 4th Amendment has changed in a few different ways as far as protection against unlawful searches and seizures. The fundamental ideas of the 4th Amendment sprouted from when America was a colony of England. The Colonies didn’t agree with the fact that the British could come into their homes and take what they wanted. Even the common law prohibition on general warrants was overseen by the British government in order to keep control over the colonies. This corruption andRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Second Amendment1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fourth Amendment was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789. However, it was ratified on December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment is part of the first 10 Amendments which form the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment is made to protect people from unlawful searches and seizures. This means that the police can t search a person’s house without a warrant or probable cause. The founders of the Fo urth amendment believed that freedom from government intrusion into one’s home is a natural rightRead MorePolice Officer For Driving With Expired License1554 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement of the â€Å"Bloods† street gang. Before his trial he attempted to remove all incriminating evidence from his cell phone. Riley argued against the police evidence stating that the searches of his cell phone were a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Under the Fourth Amendment people should be free from unreasonable searches unless probable cause is found. He believed the police’s lack of a warrant before conducting their searches was a valid defense for the charges against him. Riley’s claim was strickenRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And Fifth Amendment1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe three amendments that are used to protect the rights of those accused of a crime include, the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment protects the right of people to be se cure in their persons, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. (Peak, 2015, p.181). The Fifth Amendment protects the accused against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and life, liberty, and property. Meaning no person will be forced to be a witness against themselves, they cannot

Deforestation A Disastrous Future Ahead Essay - 1319 Words

Deforestation releases more carbon into the atmosphere than all the world’s cars, trains, ships, and planes combined (Bergen)! Are humans capable of coming together in order to reverse this disastrous problem, and will businesses be willing to cut back their production rates to save our beautiful planet? I guess only time will tell. The rich nations, including the United States, are saying we can, based on the commitment to put together a 3.5 billion dollar â€Å"quick start† fund for REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a forest carbon program. This fund is meant to pay the underdeveloped nations to stop destroying their forests. However, because of deforestation, CO2 levels are reaching great heights†¦show more content†¦The consequences of this were felt around 100 years later, when a major El Nino event brought heavy rains to the Andes and, consequently, floods to the Ica Valley. After 500 AD, only pollen from plants ad apted to salty and arid conditions could be found. According to Chepstow-Lusty, the Nazca may have survived the floods had the forests been left intact, but with this vital defense removed, they were extremely vulnerable (O’Hanlon).† If this isn’t evidence enough to verify how crucial this change is to our environment then I don’t know what is. We need to stop deforestation, and fast before the same occurrence happens to us. Even though the rate of deforestation has grown, many developed nations have begun taking action towards its reversal. â€Å"On December 16, 2009, six rich nations, including the U.S., pledged $3.5 billion as a down payment on a much larger effort to â€Å"slow, halt, and eventually reverse† deforestation (â€Å"The Economist†).† This money was a first installment of the $25 billion needed between now and 2015 to cut deforestation by a quarter (â€Å"The Economist†). â€Å"The most ambitious proposal called for a 50% reduction in deforestation by 2020, and a complete halt by 2030 (â€Å"The Economist†).† This solution may not work though because the rich nations providing the money might not be able to organize which underdeveloped countries get what and how much. Although, even if they are capable ofShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming and Its Causes1894 Words   |  8 Pagessea levels. The National Weather Service (NWS) has just issued a hu rricane warning over Southern Florida. Last night, a cyclone destroyed property of unknown value in the New Orleans region. This is a scenario that we could experience in the near future should we continue to ignore calls to address global warming issues. Should such a scenario be replicated on a global scale, the consequences would be devastating. Global Warming: An Overview Global warming according to Farrar and MastrandreaRead MoreThe Importance of Environmental Awareness1942 Words   |  8 PagesDemocrats ultimately decided to do nothing† (20). Truth is that the government’s attention is no longer on environmental issues but on other pressing issues associated with immigration and the economy. As newspaper headlines are no longer filled with disastrous oil spills across the globe, Democrats deserted their work on passing some form of legislation that tries to improve the effects on climate change. As the world gets warmer, oil-soaked birds are ignored establishing a huge unawareness by societyRead MoreInflation and Indonesia3624 Words   |  15 Pagesyears Age structure: 0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207) 15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321) 65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) Education: If a country has good literacy rate then it has bright future. Same thing apply on Indonesia. 90.4% of its populations are literate in which male are 94% and female are 86.8%. 3.6% of their GDP is spent on education. Religion: Indonesia is a multi culture and religion country where people from different religionRead MoreInflation and Indonesia3630 Words   |  15 PagesAge structure: 0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207) 15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321) 65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) Education: If a country has good literacy rate then it has bright future. Same thing apply on Indonesia. 90.4% of its populations are literate in which male are 94% and female are 86.8%. 3.6% of their GDP is spent on education. Religion: Indonesia is a multi culture and religion country where people from different religionRead MoreNatural Effects Of The Fossil Energizes3584 Words   |  15 Pagesspilling immense measures of oil, devastating natural surroundings, and fouling streams. Fish have passed on from water contamination and the diversion the tribes once chased have withdrawn more profound into the wilderness as a consequence of the deforestation. The Rainforest Action Network found that Texaco alone spilled 17 million gallons of raw petroleum, relinquished several unlined dangerous waste lakes, and built oil streets that opened more than 2.5 million sections of land of the woodland toRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 PagesObservatory is worth quoting the effect human activity is having on the natural carbon cycle, for example: In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, anthropogenic (human) activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When we mine coal and extract oil from the Earth’s crust, and then burn these fossil fuels for transportation, heating, cooking, electricity, and manufacturing, we are effectively movingRead MoreEnvironmental Ethics4554 Words   |  19 Pagesanalysis or utilitarianism in general. The cost that other species incur because of climatic changes like global warming, melting of glaciers, etc. need to be weighed against the benefit we humans reap out of adopting practices that lead to such disastrous consequences. The clearest case of such a view is so called sentientism, according to which all and only creatures that possess sentience are directly morally important. The centuries of motivated blindness towards long-term effects of our actionsRead MoreEffects of Typhoon Sendong in Cagayan de Oro6048 Words   |  25 Pagesthe current are seen as evidence for the assertion of deforestation being the cause of the disaster. Flaviana Hilario, also added that what mainly caused the disas ter was the topography of the affected areas being like basins that were filled with much water. The local PAGASA station was also placed in the hot seat as they were bombarded with criticisms of not having done their job properly as they were not able to deliver the warnings ahead of time. They were quickly defended by Benito Ramos (executiveRead MoreThe Great Northwoods Essay7709 Words   |  31 PagesProvided with crude explanations of the area and a dream of future glory for France, he once again crossed the Atlantic#8212;abandoning one ship#8212;and arrived at St. Malo on the sixteenth of July 1536. Cartier was to make one more voyage to the New World. However, this voyage ended as a complete failure. Even considering the failures of the second and third voyages of Cartier, he had accomplished what was needed for the future. A sizeable waterway had been discovered, which many believedRead MoreEco-Buddhism7194 Words   |  29 Pages  [  What will our governments, corporations and politicians now do with the power of life or death over the biosphere from which our species evolved? Do politicians even understand the scientific facts? Are they as attentive to their citizens and future human generations as they are to the most profitable corporate special interest in commercial history, the fossil fuel industry?   The answer to these questions will determine the course of the  Sixth Great Extinctionin Earth history, which is now unfolding

Zara Porter Analysis free essay sample

The diamond approach to the competitiveness of Korea’s apparel industry Michael Porter and beyond Byoungho Jin Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA, and Hwy-Chang Moon Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Abstract Purpose – The Korean textiles and apparel-related industry has played a major role in the country’s development; however, this sector’s competitiveness is decreasing due mainly to labor costs. As with the country’s economic development, the new sources of competitive factors need to be strategically developed and cultivated. The purpose of this study is to explore what constitutes a country’s competitiveness in the global apparel market after losing its labor competitiveness and how a country effectively achieves it. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs two competitiveness models, Porter’s diamond model and a generalized double diamond model, as a theoretical framework. Along with two theoretical models, this study employs extensive literature reviews, examples of successful firms, and four interviews with field practitioners in the Korean apparel industry. Findings – Beginning with Porter four determinants (factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry), new sources of competitive advantage factors are suggested for the evolving industry. The generalized double diamond model incorporates international activities, which may occur either within a country or outside a country. Utilizing generalized double diamond model, the future directions and solutions for the industry with the identified new competitive factors were suggested. Originality/value – Based on the models and the identification of new competitive factors, the Korean apparel industry is reviewed, and recommendations are made for its continued growth in the global marketplace. Implications pertaining to the creation of a dynamic self-reinforcing diamond system were also suggested. Keywords Competitive advantage, Textile industry, South Korea, Modelling Paper type Research paper Introduction The textiles and apparel-related industry has played a major role in the development and economic success of South Korea (Korea, hereinafter. . This important industry cluster in Korea has accounted for 41 percent of its total exports during 1970 and nearly 30 percent during the 1980 (Dickerson, 1999; Porter, 1998). Korea represents the fifth largest exporter of textile and apparel-related goods in the world, followed by China, Italy, the US and Germany (Korea Federation of Textile Industries, 2002). However, its contribution to both the Korean and inter national competitiveness is The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1361-2026. htm The diamond pproach 195 Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Vol. 10 No. 2, 2006 pp. 195-208 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1361-2026 DOI 10. 1108/13612020610667504 decreasing due to an increase in labor costs. During 2002, while it still maintained major trade surplus and remained as the country’s largest employer, it only accounted for 10. 1 percent of the exports, as compared to 41 percent during 1970 (Korea Federation of Textile Industries, 2002). In 2000, the hourly wage of Korea was $5. 73, as compared to $0. 41 in China, nearly 14 times higher than that of China. Due to high labor costs, more clothing companies have sourced clothing for domestic consumption from lower wage countries (Korea Federation of Textile Industries, 2005). Cheap labor serves as a developing country’s competitive tool in global markets. However, as in the Korean case, cheap labor lasts for only a short time. As with the country’s economic development, the new sources of competitive factors need to be strategically developed and cultivated. Therefore, knowing what constitutes new sources of competitive advantage is critically important to set a future direction. The purpose of this study is to explore what constitutes a country’s competitiveness in the global apparel market after losing its labor competitiveness and how a country effectively achieves it. Diversity between nations typically reflects different environmental conditions, which in turn affects the strategies, directions, and challenges of a specific industry. Therefore, it is essential to understand competitive factors within a specific country. This study chose the Korean apparel industry as it has passed the first phase and is actively seeking global competitiveness. This study employs two competitiveness models, Porter’s diamond model (Porter, 1998) and a generalized double diamond model (Moon et al. , 1995, 1998), as a theoretical framework. Along with two theoretical models, this study employs extensive literature reviews, examples of successful firms, and four interviews with field practitioners in the Korean apparel industry. The four interviewees were selected from leading Korean apparel and retail companies and all were at the rank of director or higher. The interviews were conducted from August 2000 to August 2001, in Seoul, Korea. Interview questions included general firm information, the firm’s challenges/successes, and future goals. Each interview was one hour in length and taped, with the interviewee’s permission, for further analysis. This study consists of three parts. Beginning with Porter (1998) diamond model, new sources of competitive advantage factors are suggested for the evolving industry. The second part of this paper introduces the generalized double diamond model (Moon et al. , 1995, 1998) to provide future directions and solutions for the industry with the identified new competitive factors. The last section concludes how a dynamic self-reinforcing diamond can be created, and suggests future studies. The unit of analysis for this study lies in the Korean apparel industry as a whole, not individual Korean apparel firms, following Porter (1998) example. That is, the purpose of this study does not lie in generalizing strategies for every Korean apparel firm. Porter’s four determinants and new competitive advantages To investigate why nations gain the competitive advantage in particular industries, Porter (1998) conducted a four-year study of ten important trading nations and suggested â€Å"the diamond model. Porter concluded that a nation succeeds in a particular industry if it possesses a competitive advantage relative to the best worldwide competitors. His model consists of four determinants: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. As this study looks into an apparel industry it is essent ial to interpret competitive factors within this industry and to examine what constitutes new competitive factors JFMM 10,2 196 as the industry evolves. Porter (1998) competitive advantage factors are summarized, and new sources of competitive advantages are suggested. Factor conditions According to Porter (1998), factor conditions refer to the factors of production that are necessary to compete in a given industry. He grouped the factor endowment into a number of broad categories, such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure. He further discriminated among these factors: basic factors versus advanced factors, and generalized factors versus specialized factors. A basic factor is passively inherited, such as climate, unskilled and semiskilled labor, while advanced factors include conditions a nation creates, such as highly educated personnel. He suggested that competitive advantage based on basic or generalized factors is unsophisticated and often fleeting, contending that advanced or specialized factors are necessary for more sophisticated forms of competitive advantages. The advanced or specialized factors can be created through factor-creating mechanisms such as public and private educational institutions. Nations succeed in industries where they are particularly good at creating and upgrading the needed factors. Porter (1998) also argued that the standard for what constitutes an advanced or specialized factor tends to rise continuously as the states of knowledge, science, and practice improve. Thus, we suggest that new competitive factor conditions in apparel industry lie in advanced or specialized factors. Basic factors such as cheap labor for production are no longer viable in achieving competitive advantages since those factors can be successfully secured through global sourcing. Global sourcing has been considered a critical component in achieving competitive advantages (Frear et al. , 1992). Numerous apparel firms in countries where the apparel industry is advanced, such as The Gap, Liz Claiborne, Nike, and The Limited, source labor as well as raw materials globally without owning any production facilities. Then, the most necessary new factor conditions to compete should be sought in advanced or specialized factors, such as skilled human resources (e. g. creative designers), and production and process technology that are specific to global sourcing and management (e. g. EDI, information technology). These new sources of competitive factors can be easily observed in the most advanced fashion countries. France and Italy boast about their creative designers, and the US is active in developing production and process technologies such as quick response technologies and, currently, the Demand-Activated Manufacturing Architecture (DAMA) project (Techexchange, 2005). Demand conditions This determinant refers to the nature of home-market demand for an industry’s product or service. Porter (1998) views demand conditions in terms of the size of the home market and sophisticated and demanding buyers. That is, if the size of home demand is large, firms will invest to reap economies of scale. In countries where the domestic buyers (either industrial buyers or consumers) are the world’s most sophisticated and demanding, companies are forced to meet high standards, to upgrade, and to respond to tough challenges. Porter (1998) sees a wide variety of reasons for unusually demanding needs: social norms, distribution channels, and national passions. For example, the distribution channels of Italy contribute to the higher levels of consumer sophistication (Porter, 1998). That is, in Italy, shoes, clothing, The diamond approach 197 furniture and lighting are sold in greater proportion through specialty stores than in other nations. These sophisticated retailer’s pressure Italian manufacturers to constantly introduce new models and reduce prices. Italians are also known for their sophistication about clothes, food, and fast cars, the areas in which Italy had international success. The French have a national passion for the fashion industry, and it is no surprise that this country keeps its globally competitive position. Porter (1998) acknowledges that the size of domestic demand in a particular industry may be important to national advantage where there are significant economics of scale or learning, but he considered the presence of sophisticated and demanding buyers more important. As an industry evolves, domestic consumers demand diverse and higher levels of needs, such as creative designs, services, or brands along with competitive prices. In countries where the apparel industry is less developed, functionality and availability of apparel items may be enough to satisfy consumer needs. As the industry advances, domestic buyers demand a higher level of design to suit their taste as well as various items that are needed in their diverse lifestyles (e. g. time, place, occasions). These higher levels of needs can be epitomized in a brand since it encompasses creative design, service, as well as the diverse needs of different target markets. Branding in the apparel industry is even more critical since differentiation and evaluation among items often depend on the brand of the items. Brand here does not mean just trademark. Rather, it broadly covers what branded apparel conveys: a symbolic meaning or a unique design. In the countries where the industry is globally competitive, many brands are globally recognized. For example, France possesses the LVMH group, a giant fashion group that has 60 prestigious brands including Louis Vuitton, Fendi, and Celine; Italy owns famous global brands such as Prada, Versace, Giorgio Armani, Missoni, and Benetton; England, Burberry and Hermes; Germany, Jill Sander, Hugo Boss, Escada, and Adidas; and the US, the Gap, Calvin Klein, Donna Karen and Polo Ralph Lauren. Related and supporting industries Porter (1998) asserted that the presence of supplier and related industries within a nation that are internationally competitive provides benefits such as innovation, upgrading, information flow, and shared technology development which create advantages in downstream industries. Therefore, national success in an industry is particularly likely if the nation has a competitive advantage in a number of related industries. One of Porter’s examples for this factor is the Italian ski boot industry and its close relationship with the leather industry. Because of the high quality of its leather, Italy can succeed in producing world quality ski boots. However, in today’s global apparel environments, raw materials are largely sourced globally, so having competitive supplier industries within a nation may not be as important as Porter (1998) suggests. Instead, related and supporting industries at the front-end, such as buying office, advertising, and information technology that support coordination of global sourcing or efficient management of the global supply chain, may be more important. For example, Liz Claiborne, Inc. sources from as many as 31 different countries using 240 factories. Therefore, coordinating the production and efficient communications with suppliers becomes critical. For this reason, most US apparel companies own buying offices overseas, which assist and coordinate global production and management. Hong Kong keeps its competitive position not because of factor or demand conditions but because of efficient coordination of apparel JFMM 10,2 198 manufacturing. Hong Kong serves as a business-networking center for apparel manufacturing (Lui and Chiu, 2001) with the production headquarters of large retailers like The Gap. Hong Kong’s first and largest buying office, Li Fung, was founded in 1906 and provides integrated service in what they call â€Å"a virtual factory† or â€Å"a private label manufacturing program. † This service includes assistance in product design through materials sourcing for its manufacture to the handling of logistics for delivery to the customer (George, 1998; Magretta, 2000). Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry The last determinant is firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, referring to â€Å"the conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, as well as the nature of domestic rivalry† (Porter, 1998, p. 107). Porter contended that nations tend to succeed in industries where the management practices and modes of organization favored by the nation are well suited to the industries’ sources of competitive advantage. For example, many Italian firms are relatively smallor medium-sized firms that are privately owned and operated like extended families. Italian firms usually employ focus strategies, avoiding standardized products and operating in small niches. Consequently, Italy is an international leader in footwear and wool fabrics in which economies of scale are either modest or can be overcome through cooperation among loosely affiliated companies. Domestic rivalry is, arguably, the most important because of its powerful effect on all the other determinants. Porter took note of geographic concentration, which magnifies the power of domestic rivalry: the more localized the rivalry, the more intense the competition. One important source of competitive advantages in the apparel industry has been high quality design. Italy, France, and the USA have succeeded because of their innovative designs. However, a new and different source of competitive advantage in the apparel industry, agility, should be added along with high quality design. The apparel industry has been characterized by extensive and diverse sources of uncertainty due to fluctuating demands from fashion, and seasonal change and varying in style preferences. In response to market instability, apparel firms should react rapidly, thus â€Å"agility† becomes a means of achieving competitive advantage. Agility in the fashion business means more than just speed. Agility also means a firm can respond quickly, canceling lines that do not sell, avoiding clearance sales, and operating with small stockrooms and lower inventory holding costs (Mcguire, 2001; Vitzthum, 2001). Agility is the competitive weapon that Zara uses to achieve its success: it takes less than two weeks for a skirt to get from Zara’s design team to a store in Paris or Tokyo. Design-to-delivery is as much as 12 times faster for Zara than for its competitors. With shorter lead times, Zara can ship a greater variety of goods more frequently (twice a week compared with once every 12 weeks) than many of its competitors. Thus, those countries where their strategy, management style and domestic rivalry accommodate â€Å"high quality design with agility† will gain new international competitiveness and sustain their current positions. Table I summaries traditional and new sources of competitive advantage factors. In addition to these four determinants, Porter (1998) suggested two external determinants: chance and government. Chance events just happen; however, the nation with the most favorable â€Å"diamond† will most likely convert chance events into competitive advantage (Porter, 1998). Government can influence each of the four The diamond approach 199 determinants either positively or negatively. The complete diamond system is presented in Figure 1. Extending Porter’s determinants through internationalization As internationalization often explains national competitiveness in small countries like Korea, most of the new competitive factors can be maximized through â€Å"internationalization. † Therefore, the Korean apparel industry is further analyzed Porter (1998) determinants Traditional competitive advantage factors New competitive advantage factors Factor conditions Basic factors: such as unskilled labor and raw materials Advanced factors: skilled human resources such as creative designers. Specialized factors such as production and process echnologies that are specific to handling global sourcing and management (e. g. EDI) Demand conditions Demanding functionality and availability of apparel items Demanding higher levels of needs such as brand name and service Related and supporting industries Presence of internationally competitive back-end supplier industries (e. g. raw materials producers) Presence of internationally competitive front-end industries that efficiently coordinate global supply chain management (e. g. buying office, advertising, information technology) Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry Organization and strategy of most pparel firms are suited to industries’ source of competitive advantage: high quality design Organization and strategy of most apparel firms are suited to industries’ source of competitive advantage: high quality design plus agility Table I. Traditional versus new competitive advantage factors using Porter’s diamond model (1998) Figure 1. Porter’s diamond model JFMM 10,2 200 using Moon et al. ’s (1995, 1998) generalized double diamond model. Moon et al. (1998) argue that sustainable value added in a specific country may result from both domestically owned and foreign owned firms. In addition, they contend that as today’s sustainability often comes from geographic configuration spanning many countries, firm specific and location advantages present in several nations can contribute to a nation’s competitiveness. Therefore, these international activities, which may occur either within a country or outside, a country need to be incorporated in the explanation of national competitiveness. Figure 2 presents the generalized double diamond model, where the inside diamond represents the domestic situation and the dotted line denotes the international dimension. The difference between the international diamond and the domestic diamond represents international or multinational activities (Moon et al. , 1998). Unlike Porter, if we double the diamond using domestic plus international activities, the above identified new sources of competitive factors can be maximized through â€Å"internationalization†. Below we further analyze the Korean apparel industry with the aid of the generalized double diamond model. Korean factor conditions The competitive advantage factor of the Korean apparel industry has mainly been cheap labor. However, as wage costs rose, the country began to outsource labor and raw materials globally. Acknowledging that unskilled labor is no longer a viable factor, Korean companies all alike are eager to create change. Education is the top priority of all Korean parents and a proven proactive factor for the development of the Figure 2. The generalized double diamond The diamond approach 201 Korean economy (Chung et al. , 1997; Porter, 1998). At the prestigious Fashion Institute of Technology in New York, Koreans represent a significant portion of foreign students. The training of creative designers would be a new competitive advantage. This new factor can be achieved through internal development or internationalization. For example, the Korean apparel industry can: . Work toward higher international recognition of its designers. . Hire foreign creative designers to work for them. . Co-develop designs with foreign creative designers. Korean designers are starting to gain some recognition. Hanii Yoon and Gene Kang of Y Kei, received a rising star award in the women’s apparel category during 2002. The award is annually, given to eight brilliant, creative, and promising designers, by the Fashion Group International of the US (Winters, 2003). To gain international recognition, more Korean fashion designers present their design lines in Paris and Tokyo collections. Younghee Lee has presented her line in the Paris Pre? t a Porte collection more than 20 times for 11 years. Icinoo was invited to the Tokyo collection during 1990, and she also has presented her lines in Paris since 1993. Judging from the national zeal for education and fashion, Korea is likely to be in a favorable position to produce creative fashion designers. Another new competitive factor for this dimension is production and process technology. Generally the Korean technology infrastructure matches that of most advanced nations (Porter, 1998). Especially in the internet industry, Korea ranks the third in the world in internet, just after the US and Canada (Ipsos reid, 2002). In terms of broadband access such as cable modem, DSL, and other broadband technologies, Korea ranks first as of September of 2002; whereas, the USA ranks sixth, Japan ninth, Germany twelfth, France sixteenth, and Italy twentieth. More than 20 out of 100 Koreans have broadband internet access at home (OECD, 2002). However, for specialized production and process technologies that are specific to global sourcing and management such as EDI, the Korean apparel industry has invested less at the industrial and national levels for two reasons. First, the size of the Korean apparel industry is relatively small: only $11 billion compared to $200 billion, or approximately one twentieth of the US market. The benefits obtained through such investments may not be significant in the smaller market. Second, the land size of South Korea is half that of the Florida peninsula. Therefore, the benefits of having process technology are significantly less than a country with a large land size. Once the Korean apparel industry has bigger markets by expanding internationally, companies may recognize the importance of production and process technologies to handle large volume orders more efficiently. Korean demand conditions Korean consumers are notorious for being demanding. As one manager of a multinational company operating in Korea once confessed, â€Å"once we can satisfy Korean consumers, then we are sure of our success in other countries, too.

Managment Decision Essay Example

Managment Decision Essay Act: Making a Decision (Pg. 24, 1-4) 1. How is this decision emblematic of your job as a manager and your transition into that position? Answer: Management is getting work done through others. This decision is also emblematic of the transition that employees face when they are promoted into management positions. The manager in the exercise has been a manager for nearly a year, her job involves communication, listening, and positive support; learning to adjust to and manage stress; she want growth in her staff. The manager will clue in on all of those points when she meets with Andrew about his second job 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages to giving Andrew a raise before the customary period? Answer: The advantages to giving Andrew a raise before the customary period are that the manager will show that she is committed to him as an employee; thinks he is a valuable member of her team; recognizes all of his hard work and role to her staff’s accomplishments; The disadvantages are that she will be setting a example of going around a standing company policy; will face repercussion from employees who were not assessed and given raises until the company-consent trial period was completed; and may produce a situation in which Andrew is excluded and talked about by colleagues. 3. Do you break the company policy and give Andrew a raise three months early, or not? If not, how do you handle the moonlighting situation? Explain your decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Managment Decision specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managment Decision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managment Decision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Answer: I would give him the early raise and remind him that he signed off on not being allowed to discuss his rate with another employee upon being hired. I would Stress that he would be in violation of contract. Since the recession began in December 2007 and as the economy turns, it’s likely that more people will start taking second jobs. Added employment security and the need to double up on paychecks to make up for losses during the recession will drive people in this direction. Moonlighting causes issues for both employers and workers. Employers’ challenges are focused on production, safety, conflicts of interest, and misuse of company property. The Moonlighting policy should be enforced solely based upon job description and positions intended. It should stay, but with conditions. 4. Regardless of Andrew’s situation, would it be better in the long run for your company to continue or end its â€Å"no moonlighting† policy?

Mental Status Exam Essay Example

Mental Status Exam Essay Example Mental Status Exam Essay Mental Status Exam Essay Thuy Huynh November 16, 2012 Mental Status Exam 1) Appearance (unkempt, unclean, clothing disheveled, atypical clothing, well-groomed, drab, meticulous, obese, underweight, etc. ) -clothing were disheveled, unshaven-ed beard, unclean, unkempt attire 2) Attitude (resistive, cooperative, complacent, detached, resentful, suspicious, uncooperative, overly compliant, provocative, other symptom) -detached from surrounding environment, seemed to be on guard at all times 3) Mood (sad, melancholy, euphoric, labile, irritable, hostile, apathetic, anxious, other symptom) -anxious ) Affect (flat, blunted, appropriate to mood, inappropriate to mood, euphoric, other symptom) -animatedand/or inappropriate affect 5) Behavior (repetitive movements, posturing, waxy flexibility, agitated, impulsive, seductive, anxious, avoids eye contact, psychomotor retardation, hyperactive, violent, restless, other symptom) -anxious, restlessness, pacing back and forth, talking to self, performing defensive moves in hallway, paranoid 6) Speech Content (grandiose, self-depreciative, flight of ideas, loose associations, ideas of reference, hallucinations, delusions, phobias, other ymptom) loose associations 7) Speech Quality and Quantity (overly talkative, slowed, pressured, mute, stutter, dysarthria, guarded, calm, monotone, soft, loud, relevant, coherent, other) monotone at times, when speaking to self speech was soft, incoherent on occasion 8) Sensorium and Intellectual Functioning A) Orientation- did not seem oriented to place or time B) Memory (remote, retention, confabulation)- not able to track C) Patient’s store of general information- knew basic information D) Ability to Abstract-not able to assess ) Insight (patient’s reaction to problem and assessment of causes) -was not quite able to get an accurate assessment on whether or not he had insight to his disease 10) Judgement (regarding own health and business affairs) -not able to make own decisions about own health and business affairs 11) Suicidal and/or Homicidal Risk -was not able to assess 12) Erikson stages: chronological Generativity vs. Stagnation actual – Industry vs. Inferiority 13) Defense mecha nisms: projection, regression Axis I – schizophrenia, paranoia Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Psych. Meds Three top priority nursing diagnoses for this patient: 1- Disturbed personal identity r/t inability to distinguish self and nonself AEB bizarre, regressive behavior, disorganized thought process, and inappropriate affect. 2- Ineffective health maintenance r/t inability to identify, manage, and seek out help in order to maintain health AEB lack of sleep and inability to follow through with ADLs. 3- Ineffective coping r/t maturational and/or situational crises AEB alterations in societal participation and inability to follow rules.

Crime in the U.S. essays

Crime in the U.S. essays Since the attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, we have become more fearful of crime than ever before. The groups that are more fearful of crime are typically not the groups that are the most victimized. Our nation, as a whole, needs to implement more ways to reduce the fear of crime that we have. These ways can begin as close as our own homes. According to the 2002 Department of Justice summary findings of victim characteristics, the people most likely to become victims of violent crime are single low income African-Americans and Hispanics, ages 12 to 24 that are living in urban areas. The people most likely to become victims of property crimes are also low income African-American and Hispanics living in low-income urban areas. But the difference is that the age group jumps from 12 to 24 and moves to the elderly. People with the greatest fear of crime in our nation are, for the most part, the same as the actual victims. This group is comprised of mostly females, African-Americans and Hispanics, those over 30, low income, and living in urban areas. The correlation between the two groups is that they are made up of mostly African-Americans and Hispanics living in low income, urban areas. There are many ways to reduce our fear of crime. Most of them can be done right in our own backyard. Teaching good values to our children at a young age may be able to stop crime before it even starts. We can also utilize the school and church programs to help instill good values in our children and help to keep them off of the streets. As a community, there are various programs that can be taken advantage of to help reduce our fear of crime and can actually reduce crime. One program is the neighborhood watch. This program helps neighbors get acquainted with each other, which may help recognize things that may be suspicious. One more way that has proven very effective is the neighborhood revitalization program. This program gets the co...

Sports psychology The influence of reduced visual information on Lab Report

Sports psychology The influence of reduced visual information on static and dynamic balance - Lab Report Example The interconnectivity between the sways and balance was found out to exhibit an inverse relationship. Despite the existence of other factors that affect stability, visual impediments are also highly likely to influence the stability of an individual. The more clear visibility to which one is exposed, the higher the chances of minimizing sways. If the sways are minimized lead to proper and reliable dynamic balance. Biomechanics define balance as the state of being able to maintain the line of gravity from the centre of mass with minimal postural sway. It is this postural stability that operates to allow the performance of other activities (MAGEE et al., 2007).The postural sways have been presumed as the major indicator of balance. It is believed that the number of sways in a movement exhibit an inverse relationship with stability (Bandy & Sanders, 2008, Kisner & Colby, 2012). We conducted a study to gauge the ability of persons with visual impediments in maintaining the necessary balance. Those with low visual information are anticipated to mimic movements exhibited by their counterparts who are exposed to full vision (Lord, 2011). This study established the correlation that exists between vision and the various postures both static like the sitting position and dynamic postures like stepping, turning, bending, standing up from a chair and walking. We employed posturography tests to assess the balance control. We endeavored to establish the dependence of a group of adult male and female on vision for their postural stability (Finlayson, 2013). The hypothesis we examined was the fact that balance control is dependent on the visual information. Swaying of hands was our dependant variable while visual conditions were the independent variable (Clasen & Siegel, 2007). We collected data for the same sample of the population while subjecting them to the different visual